Chi-Square Test of Independence in R (With Examples)

---

A Chi-Square Test of Independence is used to determine whether or not there is a significant association between two categorical variables.

This tutorial explains how to perform a Chi-Square Test of Independence in R.

Example: Chi-Square Test of Independence in R

Suppose we want to know whether or not gender is associated with political party preference. We take a simple random sample of 500 voters and survey them on their political party preference. The following table shows the results of the survey:

	Republican	Democrat	Independent	Total
Male	120	90	40	250
Female	110	95	45	250
Total	230	185	85	500

Use the following steps to perform a Chi-Square Test of Independence in R to determine if gender is associated with political party preference.

Step 1: Create the data.

First, we will create a table to hold our data:

#create table
data 3, byrow=TRUE)
colnames(data) Rep","Dem","Ind")
rownames(data) Male","Female")
data as.table(data)

#view table
data

       Rep Dem Ind
Male   120  90  40
Female 110  95  45

Step 2: Perform the Chi-Square Test of Independence.

Next, we can perform the Chi-Square Test of Independence using the chisq.test() function:

#Perform Chi-Square Test of Independence
chisq.test(data)

	Pearson's Chi-squared test

data:  data
X-squared = 0.86404, df = 2, p-value = 0.6492

The way to interpret the output is as follows:

• Chi-Square Test Statistic: 0.86404
• Degrees of freedom: 2 (calculated as #rows-1 * #columns-1)
• p-value: 0.6492

Recall that the Chi-Square Test of Independence uses the following null and alternative hypotheses:

• H₀: (null hypothesis) The two variables are independent.
• H₁: (alternative hypothesis) The two variables are not independent.

Since the p-value (0.6492) of the test is not less than 0.05, we fail to reject the null hypothesis. This means we do not have sufficient evidence to say that there is an association between gender and political party preference.

In other words, gender and political party preference are independent.

Additional Resources

An Introduction to the Chi-Square Test of Independence
Chi-Square Test of Independence Calculator
How to Calculate the P-Value of a Chi-Square Statistic in R
How to Find the Chi-Square Critical Value in R